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Show Me the Money: Side‐Payments and the Implementation of International Agreements in Federal Systems
[journal article]
Abstract Federal systems face specific challenges in fulfilling their international commitments. In cases of shared jurisdiction, the federal government needs the sub-federal level to contribute to the implementation process. Both Canada and the EU have used side-payments to bring and keep on board reluctant... view more
Federal systems face specific challenges in fulfilling their international commitments. In cases of shared jurisdiction, the federal government needs the sub-federal level to contribute to the implementation process. Both Canada and the EU have used side-payments to bring and keep on board reluctant and opposing provinces and member states in the implementation of international agreements. However, both cases have experienced the limits of this strategy. This article aims to make a theoretical contribution by identifying the causal conditions and processes that help explain the success and failure of using side-payments to encourage sub-federal support for the implementation of an international agreement. Based on the study of the implementation of the Paris Agreement in Canada and the EU, I develop a two-fold argument. First, side-payments can be an effective tool to persuade sub-federal governments if they are generally interested in contributing to implementation. They do not work for governments of powerful entities that are unwilling to implement. Second, sub-federal governments react to other actors’ conduct. Side-payments can keep reluctant governments of weak entities on board only as long as no alliance of powerful sub-federal entities is formed that resists the implementation of an international agreement.... view less
Keywords
Canada; EU; federalism; implementation; international agreement
Classification
International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy
Free Keywords
European Union; Paris Agreement; side‐payments
Document language
English
Publication Year
2023
Page/Pages
p. 312-326
Journal
Politics and Governance, 11 (2023) 3
Issue topic
United in Uniqueness? Lessons From Canadian Politics for European Union Studies
ISSN
2183-2463
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed