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Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe's Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium
[journal article]
Abstract Studies have reported alarmingly high rates of traumatic experiences for refugee populations. While nearly all refugees experienced trauma in their country of origin, a vast majority of those seeking protection abroad also face (extreme) violence during their journeys and once in the country of dest... view more
Studies have reported alarmingly high rates of traumatic experiences for refugee populations. While nearly all refugees experienced trauma in their country of origin, a vast majority of those seeking protection abroad also face (extreme) violence during their journeys and once in the country of destination. By concentrating on the migratory experiences of about 300 unaccompanied minors that we approached in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium, this article analyses how different forms of violence are inflicted on these young migrants while moving to Europe. By concentrating on personal accounts of (recurrent) interactions with the EU migration and border management tools, we reveal the structural violence within the day-to-day governance of migration. Often framed as unintended or accidental, the article discusses how violence is instead ubiquitous, as it is systematically inflicted on migrants - including unaccompanied minors - in the form of repeated series of violent events or "loops of violence". Importantly, such manifestations of violence are perpetrated by key institutional and non-institutional actors in the "migration industry" who are (in)directly involved in managing migration both inside and outside of the EU. Conceptually, we rely on K. E. Dempsey's political geography of the different typologies of violence within Europe's governance of migration and asylum and use it to concentrate on key transitional phases/fractures in migratory trajectories - i.e., as unaccompanied young migrants (try to) cross international borders and legal boundaries.... view less
Keywords
Europe; refugee; flight; migration; violence; underage; governance; European Policy
Classification
Migration, Sociology of Migration
Social Problems
Free Keywords
Europe; border; governance; migration; unaccompanied minors; violence
Document language
English
Publication Year
2022
Page/Pages
p. 256-266
Journal
Politics and Governance, 10 (2022) 2
Issue topic
Re-Visioning Borders: Europe and Beyond
ISSN
2183-2463
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed