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@article{ Budig2016, title = {Work-family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties}, author = {Budig, Michelle J. and Misra, Joya and Boeckmann, Irene}, journal = {Work and Occupations}, number = {2}, pages = {119-177}, volume = {43}, year = {2016}, issn = {1552-8464}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888415615385}, abstract = {Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work–family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties.}, keywords = {Familie-Beruf; work-family balance; Familienpolitik; family policy; geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren; gender-specific factors; Einkommensunterschied; difference in income; Mutterschaft; motherhood; Ungleichheit; inequality; Sozialpolitik; social policy; Wohlfahrtsstaat; welfare state; internationaler Vergleich; international comparison}}