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@article{ Gorges2016, title = {Who likes to learn new things: measuring adult motivation to learn with PIAAC data from 21 countries}, author = {Gorges, Julia and Maehler, Débora B. and Koch, Tobias and Offerhaus, Judith}, journal = {Large-scale Assessments in Education}, pages = {22}, volume = {4}, year = {2016}, issn = {2196-0739}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-016-0024-4}, abstract = {Background: Despite the importance of lifelong learning as a key to individual and societal prosperity, we know little about adult motivation to engage in learning across the lifespan. Building on educational psychological approaches, this article presents a measure of Motivation-to-Learn using four items from the background questionnaire of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Methods: We used multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses for ordered categorical data to investigate the scale's dimensionality and measurement invariance across countries. Regression analyses were used to investigate the scale's criterion validity. Results: Results show that the proposed four-item scale fits the data considerably better than the original six-item scale labeled Readiness-to-Learn. Further analyses support the scale’s configural, metric (weak) and partial scalar (strong) measurement invariance across 21 countries. As expected, Motivation-to-Learn has significant relations to the working population’s engagement in learning in terms of participation in non-formal education over the last 12 months. These relations remain relevant after taking literacy as an indicator of level of education into account. Conclusion: The Motivation-to-Learn scale presented here may be used to indicate adult motivation in cross-country comparisons. The potential of using the scale in future PIAAC analyses and research on adult learning is discussed.}, keywords = {measurement instrument; Datengewinnung; intrinsic motivation; adult education; Messinstrument; Erwachsener; Bildungsmotivation; Erwachsenenbildung; adult; educational motivation; lebenslanges Lernen; lifelong learning; questionnaire; data capture; intrinsische Motivation; Fragebogen}}