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Changing roles of religiosity and patriarchy in women's employment in different religions in Europe between 2004 and 2016
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Abstract Objective: This paper seeks to understand the changing roles of religiosity and gender attitudes in the employment of women in Europe between 2004 and 2016. Background: Religiosity and gender traditionalism are both considered to decrease the likelihood of women's employment. This study argues that ... view more
Objective: This paper seeks to understand the changing roles of religiosity and gender attitudes in the employment of women in Europe between 2004 and 2016. Background: Religiosity and gender traditionalism are both considered to decrease the likelihood of women's employment. This study argues that this relationship needs to be decoupled, as religiosity and gender traditionalism have different underlying mechanisms. Method: We analysed rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008), 8 (2010), and 10 (2016) of the European Social Survey (ESS), which include, among other data, information on employment, religious affiliation, religiosity, and gender role attitudes in 16 countries (N=39,233). Results: We show that taking religiosity into account further increases the already increased likelihood of employment for Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish women compared to women with no religion. We also find, however, that religiosity decreases the employment gap between Muslim and Orthodox women on the one hand and secular women on the other. Including gender role attitudes in the model only marginally explains the employment gap. Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that the mechanisms that underlie the relationships religiosity and traditional gender role attitudes have with women's employment differ. Over time, the likelihood of employment increases for women of all religions, except for Muslim women, among whom it drops.... view less
Keywords
women's employment; religious affiliation; religiousness; gender role; patriarchy; attitude; gender-specific factors; Europe
Classification
Women's Studies, Feminist Studies, Gender Studies
Sociology of Religion
Free Keywords
European Social Survey (ESS), rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008), 8 (2010), and 10 (2016)
Document language
English
Publication Year
2021
Page/Pages
p. 405-438
Journal
JFR - Journal of Family Research, 33 (2021) 2
Issue topic
Employment and family behavior after migration
ISSN
2699-2337
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed