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Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area
[journal article]
Abstract The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number of commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation in jobs and economic levels has exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities between metropolitan residents. Using the commuter data ... view more
The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number of commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation in jobs and economic levels has exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities between metropolitan residents. Using the commuter data of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, this study examines the socio-economic disparities of commuting behaviour, spatial patterns, and health between commuters with incomes lower and higher than the regional minimum wage. The article conducts quantitative descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test using the BPS-Statistics Indonesia 2019 commuter data that included 13,000 sample respondents from the Jakarta Province and its neighbouring districts. Our result reveals a significant impact of income level on the choice of private transportation mode, whilst having no effect on the choice of public transportation modes. Higher-income peripheral residents tend to commute to the core metropolitan area (Jakarta Province), while lower-income commuters typically travel between peripheral areas. The article also indicates the negative physical health impact of prolonged and early-hours commuting, especially for lower-income groups. The article proposes better public transportation that is convenient, safe, and reliable, to ensure a sustainable and resilient metropolitan area.... view less
Keywords
Indonesia; commuter; gainful employment; way to work; mobility; inequality; health; means of transport; income situation
Classification
Area Development Planning, Regional Research
Sociology of Traffic
Free Keywords
Jakarta; commuters; health; inequality; metropolitan area; transportation
Document language
English
Publication Year
2022
Page/Pages
172–184 p.
Journal
Urban Planning, 7 (2022) 3
Issue topic
The Resilient Metropolis: Planning in an Era of Decentralization
ISSN
2183-7635
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed